January 1, 2017

Chad's Eurasian genetic input similar to that in Ethiopia

Quickies

Marc Haber et al. Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations. AJHG 2016. Open accessLINK [doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012]

Summary

Understanding human genetic diversity in Africa is important for interpreting the evolution of all humans, yet vast regions in Africa, such as Chad, remain genetically poorly investigated. Here, we use genotype data from 480 samples from Chad, the Near East, and southern Europe, as well as whole-genome sequencing from 19 of them, to show that many populations today derive their genomes from ancient African-Eurasian admixtures. We found evidence of early Eurasian backflow to Africa in people speaking the unclassified isolate Laal language in southern Chad and estimate from linkage-disequilibrium decay that this occurred 4,750–7,200 years ago. It brought to Africa a Y chromosome lineage (R1b-V88) whose closest relatives are widespread in present-day Eurasia; we estimate from sequence data that the Chad R1b-V88 Y chromosomes coalesced 5,700–7,300 years ago. This migration could thus have originated among Near Eastern farmers during the African Humid Period. We also found that the previously documented Eurasian backflow into Africa, which occurred ∼3,000 years ago and was thought to be mostly limited to East Africa, had a more westward impact affecting populations in northern Chad, such as the Toubou, who have 20%–30% Eurasian ancestry today. We observed a decline in heterozygosity in admixed Africans and found that the Eurasian admixture can bias inferences on their coalescent history and confound genetic signals from adaptation and archaic introgression.

Worth a read no doubt but careful, careful, careful with their chronological guesstimates. Their starting point is the assumption (once and again demonstrated all kinds of WRONG) of:

Eurasians and Africans diverged around 60,000–80,000 ya and subsequently had different patterns of population-size changes: in particular, compared with Africans, the Eurasian population experienced a sharp decrease in size ∼60,000 ya.

So add around 65-70% (x1.7) to all dates, else you are bound to fall in the pit of molecular-clock-o-logical self-complacent pseudoscience. So where it reads c. 6-7 Ka for the first migration (R1b-related), it should be 10,000 years ago (which is the actual dating of Afroasiatic expansion by most accounts, with origin not exactly in "Eurasia" but rather in or near Sudan, where those Eurasian lineages, R1b and J1, had since long before most likely), and when they say 3 Ka ago, it's probably 5000 years ago, within the context of Neolithic inflows possibly: 3000 years ago was already well into Ancient Egypt and peoples just did not cross it without proper paperwork anymore, actually 3000 years ago is the Bronze Age collapse and Egypt, Lower Egypt specifically, fell to Africans, to Libyans and other Berbers known as Meshwesh (Amazigh, probably from modern Tunisia) to be precise.

Dr. Haber: time to update your clock, it just doesn't work, and you are confusing people to no avail.

37 comments:

  1. Hello

    Nice read, I always wondered about the east African case.so now chad is similar to it, anyway, I want to confirm one thing , when said "Egypt, Lower Egypt specifically, fell to Africans, to Libyans and other Berbers known as Meshwesh (Amazigh, probably from modern Tunisia) to be precise."

    do you mean by African , E -v22 , E-v12 people?

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    1. I think I was talking about R1b-V88, which is what the paper is about.

      I'm assuming Egypt as stepping stone because it's the most natural path to Sudan but it might also have arrived via the Red Sea, I guess.

      This would have happened, in my model, after the Afroasiatic expansion northwards, which I associate with Mesolithic or late Upper Paleolithic flows well documented archaeologically from Sudan to the North (and Northwest and, via Egypt, to Palestine). This Afroasiatic (and possibly also Nubian/Eastern Sudanic) flow northwards of the Mesolithic is clearly associated to E1b-M78 particularly, which clearly follows that route in its branching pattern on the map, and has been recently detected as very dominant in Natufian samples (Palestinian Mesolithic).

      So we have first that Northwards expansion process in the Mesolithic and later some important backflow from Neolithic West Asia, which would have carried R1b to Sudan and from there westward to the Lake Chad area.

      That's my interpretation but feel free to polish, expand, develop, correct as need be, always according to whatever facts research puts at our disposal.

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  2. So what are the sound evidences for r-v88 having origins in near east or southern Europe.

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    1. I wouldn't use the word "sound" but there is evidence or at least strong indications.

      First of all CT > F > IJK > K > K2 > P > P1 > R > R1 > R1b all happened in Asia, I'd dare say that in the southern regions or near the Indian Ocean arch of this continent. This is sorta obvious but just in case, so we begin with R1b most likely coalescing in West Asia, I hope we can agree with that much.

      Then consider the data discussed at the update here: http://leherensuge.blogspot.com/2010/01/african-r1b-is-distinct-single.html

      "... it is most interesting that, while the new R1b1a (V88) is most frequent in Central Africa (and secondarily North Africa, specially among Siwa Berbers, Egypt), two out of four basal sublineages are exclusively found in Southern Europe."

      I must warn that I was considering R1b-V88* as a single basal branch, if it can be shown that it is made up of various basal branches, then things would change. The question is that there is a strong basal diversity in the European Mediterranean, notably in Sardinia-Corsica (M18) and mainland Italy (V35).

      And later, chewing on the previous, I wrote this: http://leherensuge.blogspot.com/2010/01/r1b1-origin-italy-or-west-asia.html

      Quoting myself now:

      "... the region where R1b1-P25 has highest basal diversity (by haplogroups) are Italy and West Asia. Both regions have R1b1a, R1b1b and some other R1b1* (3/1173=0.25% in Italy and 1/328=0.3% in West Asia)".

      ...

      "The Italian R1b1* seems to belong (by haplotype) to two different subclades, what makes Italy provisionally a good candidate for the origin of R1b1. However notice that the Italian sample is much larger than the West Asian one, almost in direct proportion to the number of R1b1* individuals found.

      "Italy (incl. Corsica and Sardinia) also has high R1b1a diversity (by subhaplogroups: 2/4 basal sublineages, but lacks R1b1a*). This would suggest that the origin of R1b1a actually lays towards Africa, where basal diversity seems somewhat higher".

      So my (soft) theory then was (haven't revised it in all these years) that R1b-P25 ("R1b1" in the nomenclature of the time) originated in the Italy-Levant arch and that R1b-V88 ("R1b1a") may have originated closer to Africa, i.e. in the Levant (I'm excluding Tunisia-Italy sea crossings because archaeology and in general genetics do not support them until much later times).

      Do you have anything more elaborate (newer data maybe?) that would make me change my mind?

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    2. PS- Also the Sardinian R1b-V88 is concentrated in the interior (Gallura, rel. Basque gailurra = summit), the area most conservative genetically, where we expect (and do find) greater concentration of Neolithic lineages.

      PS2- Notice however that I do suspect that Basque/Vasconic is related to Nubian languages and that, while I understand that there is strong evidence for Nubian genetic influence in the Levant prior to the Neolithic (later influencing Europe via the Neolithic), I do not fully understand the possible backflow interactions from the Levant to the Nile, which seem to be backed by some genetic elements like R1b (strong also in Sudan).

      The most parsimonious scenario for me would be that R1b migrated to Sudan in the Neolithic (or earlier???) and from there it spread eastward to the Eastern Chadic region, along with Afroasiatic (Chadic) languages.

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    3. PS3- Sadly Sudan's R1b sublineages are not studied yet as far as I know.

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  3. "(Gallura, rel. Basque gailurra = summit)"

    Hausa [West Chadic]: ḳ̣ṓlṓlúwā́ ['summit, top (esp. of a rock)']

    Source: http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/main.cgi?flags=eygtnnl

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    1. But let's be systematic, please: anecdotal evidence in linguistics mean nothing. Either you make a mass lexical comparison and count all these coincidences methodically or attempt to trace them via etymology/reconstruction, what usually brings you to short words of 1-2 syllables.

      I can do that for Basque "gailur" (-a is just nominative declension) to some extent: the firs syllabe must be gain(-a) (= height, hill), present in words like gaineko (from the heights) and surely related to other Basque words about the upper side of geography being g-something: goi (up, high) and its derivatives gora (up, upwards), goia (the high, that's the origin of Goya's surname), goiko (from the high, present in many names sus as Goikoetxea). So what is "gain"? Originally it must be goian (in/on/at the high, such as in the RIP-equivalent sentence "goian bego": "let him/her be in the high"). Alternatively from goien, which means "highest" (absolutely regular all from goi-).

      So we have gain-lur or goi-lur. And what does lur mean? Lur = land, soil, earth (also Planet Earth by extension, as in most languages). So what is gailur? Highland, literally.

      Now, can you make the same analysis for the coincental Hausa form? I'm sorry to sound so dismissive but truly anecdotal evidence means nothing.

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  4. Thanks for the detailed information. Well for what it's worth 'Kai' means "top" in Hausa and 'ganiya' means "peak".

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    1. Aha, now you got my attention. How is that possible? Are there more "coincidences"? Does this come from the Vasco-Nubian root at Sudan or Palestine I speculated about (with a proper mass lexical comparison) some time ago?

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    2. 高 gāo "high, tall, lofty, elevated"
      岡 gāng "ridge or crest of a hill"
      焉 -yān ~ 安 -ān "at which, on which, in which"

      Clearly, Basque is actually Chinese. ...Right?

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    3. XD

      Hi, Ebizur, long-no-see! (or "aspaldiko!", as it's said in Basque).

      The answer is not in my not-so-humble opinion, and this is why: https://forwhattheywereweare.blogspot.com/2014/07/sino-basque-is-not-for-real.html

      However it might be possible that some of that stuff that keeps coming around in so many wildly separated languages, such as the use of -n for locative (Basque, Indoeuropean, Hausa, Chinese and maybe other families) could have a very deep pan-Human origin. But reconstructing the conjectured "proto-Human" language is well beyond the scope of reasonable linguistics, I fear.

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  5. Basque 'hazi' ("seed"); Hausa 'hatsi' ("grain"). I have many more such examples from Chadic and also Benue Congo languages. The Basque and Sardinian word for "dog" is one of two words for "dog" used by the Teda of northern Chad (Toubou languages, Nilo-Saharan). I'll post some more examples over the weekend.

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  6. "Arrow"
    Basque: 'gezi'

    Proto-EChadic: *kis-
    Meaning: 'bow' 1, 'arrow' 2
    Tumak: kès-ké 1 [Cp]
    Ndam: ʔad̀ū-kēsé 1 [JgD]
    Kwang: kēsé 2 [JgD]
    Migama: kêsè1 [Jg]
    Bidiya: kḕse 1 [JBid]
    Sokoro: sáwìŋ kɛ̀sɛ́ 1 [CLR: 29], kɛsɛ́ 2 [CLR: 3]

    Proto-CChadic: *kis-
    Meaning: 'bow' 1, 'arrow' 2
    Mbara: kèsé 2 [TMba]
    Musgu: kise 1 [LMsg]

    More to follow as time permits.

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    1. Ok, "gezi" is a real word, not very much used since gunpowder became popular but it does exist.

      Why don't you try a mass lexical comparison?, with a pre-existent word list to compare an from which obtain numerical data of coincidences, and, well, why not include Nubian in the equation, and whatever you think interesting, Mande?, some Dogon maybe?, not the first time Dogon comes around but beware: not all Dogon languages are made equal, in fact they seem to belong to two different families altogether!

      There's this guy, Arnaiz-Villena, and his colleague Alonso-García, who have been there already and argue relation between Basque and (some) Dogon, and a bunch of other languages mostly from the Ancient Mediterranena, including ancient Egyptian, Hittite, Sumerian, Hurrian, Ugaritic, Akkadian, Phoenician, Guanche, Elamite, Minoan, Etruscan and what-not. I really don't want to get into that because it really goes against mainstream linguistics which consider most of these languages part of other families (Afroasiatic notably) but maybe he's only talking about some substrate elements, and not challenging the whole classification, IDK. But, in any case, as you are so interested, this is part of his work (in English for your convenience): http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/~biolmol/publicaciones/Usko.pdf

      Now, assuming you're right, how would you explain that "Vasconic" influenced West Africa in such a way? There seems to be only the thinnest possible relations between Europe and West Africa before Portuguese naval imperialism (and all them go through Sudan and Palestine).

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  7. I have looked at Dogon, Mande, Atlantic and Berber languages and their relationship with Basque seems to be at best minimal. The closest relationship by far is with Chadic, moreso West and Central Chadic, and Benue Congo. Mainly Nigeria, northern Cameroon, and Chad. Your work on comparing Basque with Nubian was also impressive but from what I've seen the relationship with languages in the above regions appears stronger.
    "Now, assuming you're right, how would you explain that "Vasconic" influenced West Africa in such a way?"

    Berber lacks diversity, Chadic is very diverse. If Berber expanded much more recently, then maybe during, say, the Neolithic, Chadic &/or other African languages were spoken further north (for instance when the Sahara was green) and pastoralists crossed over the Mediterranean (human and cattle genetics hint at this). Vasconic, Iberian, and paleo-Sardinian languages may have been a product of this. I will put together a mass lexical comparison (incorporating the usual Swadesh list words plus various others) and post it here over the next few days.

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    1. Re. your explanation I don't think so: Chadic links seem to be strongest with Sudan, like for example high frequencies of R1b (V88 among East Chadics, unsure of which clades in Sudan). I think that the low diversity of Berber is because of internal issues of the "Berber Country", maybe the formation of states (Mauretanian and Numid kingdoms) in the protohistorical period, which homogenized the languages that must have been more diverse but equally Afroasiatic of the "proto-Berber" branch before (unless there were pockets of pre-Berber, which also vanished anyhow).

      If your hypothesis is right, then I'd rather think of Chadic as Afroasiatic of Nubian substrate maybe but in any case from the Sudan area and not NW Africa.

      In any case, in order to be able to move from the word "hypothesis" to the word "theory", I'd need something more consistent than just a few random words that might or not be related (coincidences do happen and a lot more often than people would admit based on intuition or "common sense"). I read that up to a 10% of statistical coincidences it is considered mere "noise" and that's why I only decided in favor of the Vasco-Nubian hypothesis when I saw that effectively it was much more than just noise: it was around 25% good-looking coincidences, as many as with Proto-Indoeuropean (which is the other best match I've been able to find for Basque).

      So I'd like to see if there is some comparable index of affinity and if it is somehow connected to Nubian or the words are mostly different, i.e. if the relation is real and, if so, if it is Basque-Nubian-Chadic or Nubian-Basque-Chadic (most parsimonious seems the first one in principle).

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    2. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Hausa_Swadesh_list

      https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Basque_Swadesh_list

      My first impression is that there is nothing of substance: I went all the way to #55 "seed" and I saw only two coincidences: I (ni, ni) and two (biya, bi), nothing more of any substance. That's well below the 10% threshold, sorry.

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    3. I went all the way down and could only find one or two coincidences more (like "name": suna, izen(-a)). It's a desert of obvious connections, not the lush prairie you imagined out of a couple of dry grasses.

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  8. Well I didn't claim that Basque had a relationship with Hausa! I said Chadic languages and neighbouring Benue Congo languages. Chadic comprises some 150 languages with an estimated time depth of 7-8,000 yrs+, Benue Congo probably something similar. The relationship that I am positing is a very ancient one, hence why I have looked at words from hundreds of dialects from both groups (not presenTed here yet). You picked a Swadesh list representing just one language out of 150+ languages. When you compared Basque with Nubian you didn't do that, the comparison was rightly made with all of the dialects of the whole Nubian family to account for the potential time depth.

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    1. I used Hausa because the list was readily available and also because you did mention Hausa in one of your comments, Chris. I don't feel able to do deeper work, which would require finding or assembling Swadesh-like lists for other languages in the Chadic group and doing it is hard work. I'll leave that to you, as you seem so motivated.

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  9. 1 of 2.

    49."Snake" - Basque: 'suge' / Several Upper Cross River languages [Benue Congo]: ‘e-dzog’, i-dzok’ , ‘e-zzoko’ , ‘dzok’/’tsok’ ; Takum, Jukunoid [Benue Congo]: ‘bu-suku’ ; Typa, Platoid [Benue Congo]: ‘dzoak’ ; Several Bantu languages, Bantoid [Benue Congo]: 'zoka','nzoka', etc.
    207."Name" - Basque: 'izen' / Yemba, Grassfields [Benue Congo]: 'é-zín' ; Mbe, several Bantoid languages [Benue Congo]: ‘ezin’
    144."(To) Flow" - Basque: 'isuri' / several Ijoid languages [Benue Congo]: 'isori','iseri'
    72."Head" - Basque: 'buru' / several Lower Cross River languages [Benue Congo]: 'u-buro;,'i-buro'
    39."Child" - Basque: 'ume' / Yoruba, Yoruboid; & Edo, Edoid [Benue Congo]: 'omo'
    46."Bird" - Basque: 'txori' / Punu, Bantu, Bantoid [Benue Congo]: 'tsoli' [+ various West African languages also have ‘toli’ for “sparrow”]
    168."Ash" - Basque: 'errauts' / Yoruba, Yoruboid [Benue Congo]: 'eeru'
    168."Ash' - Basque: 'errauts' / several Nupoid languages [Benue Congo]: 'aratsuwu','eraceku','arate'
    160."Cloud" - Basque: 'hodei' / Yoruba, Yoruboid [Benue Congo]: 'gude'
    45."Fish" - Basque: 'arrain' / several Lower Cross River languages [Benue Congo]: 'o-rin' ; 'o-rene [e-mon]'
    151."Rain" - Basque: 'euri' / several Nupoid languages [Benue Congo]: 'ere', 'are'
    163."Wind" - Basque: 'haize' / several Nupoid languages [Benue Congo]: 'ese'
    157."Sand" - Basque: 'harea' / one Nupoid language [Benue Congo]: 'aari'
    82."Knee" - Basque: 'belaun' / several Platoid Languages [Benue Congo]: 'gbəryūn' ; 'gburuŋ'
    139. “(To) Count” – Basque: ‘zenbatu’ / several Lower Cross River Languages [Benue Congo]: ‘bat’
    165. “Fire” – Basque: ‘su’ / Tiv, Bantoid [Benue Congo]: 'ú!sú'
    93. “(To) Eat” – Basque: ‘jan’ / Yoruba, Yoruboid [Benue Congo]: ‘jeun’
    128. “(To) Give” – Basque: ‘eman’ / Ogoni, Cross River [Benue Congo]: ‘mana’, ’man’
    89. “Breast” – Basque: ‘bular’ / several Ekoid languages, Bantoid [Benue Congo]: ‘li-bel’ , ‘i-bel’ ; several Bantu languages, Bantoid [Benue Congo]: ‘mbele’ , ‘ibele’
    33. “Short” – Basque: ‘labur’ / Igbo, Igboid [Benue Congo]: ‘obere’
    178. “Day” – Basque: ‘egun’ / several Lower Cross River languages [Benue Congo]: ‘o-kon’ , ‘o-kone-jo’
    62. “Skin” – Basque: ‘larru’ / Kulung, Bantoid [Benue Congo]: ‘lara uru’

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    1. Fair enough but this is for Benue-Congo and not anymore for Chadic.

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    2. But Yoruba is NOT Benue-Congo but Volta-Niger!!!

      This is very non-systematic, Igbo is Benue-Congo, Yoruba is not (in some classifications it's not even Niger-Congo!)

      This is way too wide to be acceptable. I did use several Nubian languages for lack of a proto-Nubian, but I did annotate every single of them and I used them with a system. I did not use any sort of East Sudanic or Nilo-Saharan without discrimination. You're using a wild array of families. I won't say you're not onto something but a system is needed. Else is like mixing Russian with Georgian and things like that.

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    3. Also, even with all that "cheating" your list is barely above the 10% noise threshold.

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  10. 2 of 2

    105."Smell" - Basque: 'usain(a)' / several West Chadic languages: 'isin','iseni','wuseni'
    66."Fat" - Basque: 'gantz' / several West Chadic languages: 'gindir'
    114."(To) Cut"- Basque: 'ebaki'/ Proto-Western Chadic: '*ḅak-'; Proto-Central Chadic: '*ḅak-'
    53."Stick" - Basque: 'makila' / Mofugudur [Central Chadic]: 'mà-makw'
    195."Dry" - Basque: 'lehor' , 'lehorra' / Gude [Central Chadic]: 'huurǝ' ; Gudu [Central Chadic]: 'mǝ̀húr̀́' ; Nzangi [Central Chadic]: 'horè'
    149."Star"- Basque: 'izar'/ Guruntum [West Chadic]: 'saar'; Boot [West Chadic]:' ŝaàr'
    23.'Two' - Basque: 'bi' ; Hausa [West Chadic]: 'biyu' ; Gwandara [West Chadic]: 'bi'
    55. “Seed” – Basque: ‘hazi’ / “Grain” - Hausa [West Chadic]: ‘hatsi’
    68. “Horn” – Basque: ‘adar’ / Glavda [Central Chadic]: ‘derawa’
    47. “Dog” – Basque: ‘txakur’ [also similar in Sardinian etc.] / Toubou languages [Saharan]: ‘zeger’ ; Proto-West Chadic: *kyara- [eg. Hausa: ‘kare’, etc. etc.]; Proto-Central Chadic: *kur-/*kir-r’ [various examples] ;
    81. “Leg” – Basque: ‘hanka’ / Miya [West Chadic]: ‘angar’
    1. “I” – Basque: ‘ni’ / Hausa [West Chadic]: ‘ni’
    61. “Rope” – Basque: ‘soka’ [related to word for “snake”? ie. rope resembles a snake?] ; Koyraboro Senni, Songhai [Saharan]: ‘sugÉ›y’
    156. “Stone” – Basque: ‘harri’ / Musgu [Central Chadic]: ‘kurii’
    40. “Wife” – Basque: ‘emazte’ / Hausa [West Chadic]: ‘matar’
    184. “Old” – Basque: ‘zahar’ / Hausa [West Chadic]: ‘tsoho’
    159. “Earth” – Basque: ‘lur’ / Buduma/Yedina [Central Chadic]: ‘lo’
    169. “(To) Burn” – Basque: ‘erre’ / Dangla [East Chadic]: ‘ere’
    180. “Warm” – Basque: ‘bero’ / Gude [Central Chadic]: ‘bera-ne’
    121. (To) Walk” – Basque: ‘ibili’ / Mokilko [East Chadic]: ‘bĩrré’

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    1. It's a decent list but, like the previous, the number of cognates is at the threshold of 10%, so it's not strong and looks like a mix of coincidences and some wanderworts (izar, saar, star...)

      Intriguing but I'm not really buying it. Not yet. I'd need something more systematic, such as a greater number of "cognates". Notice that the greater number of languages you draw from, the greater the chances of random coincidence.

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  11. The above is a long-term work in progress. Will add some words and remove some as time permits and will sort into degrees of plausibility. All non-Swadesh list words omitted. Also ignored 'mother', 'father' [words similar around the world, derived from baby-speak]. Also ignored 'snow' and 'ice' for obvious reasons. 203 Swadesh list words total of which I have 41 so far.

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  12. You didn't receive #2 of 2 with the Chadic cognate? There is a word limit on your comments so I had to send in two parts. I also sent a third comment afterwards. Including Chadic cognates there were 41 words in total out of 203 words, if we exclude 'mother', 'father','snow', and 'ice'. As I said on my third comment this is a long-term work in progress.

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    1. Sorry, I didn't see it, it seems. My bad. Should be published now.

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  13. About the language classifications, I was going by this map:-

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages#/media/File:Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png

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  14. Thanks for all of your feedback Luis. And also good to have you blogging again. One final question: looking at the Basque Swadesh list, it looks like nouns have 'fossilised' noun class marker prefixes. [Gi- ; Be-/Bi- ; Le-; I-/E- ; O- ; etc.]. Do you think that is what these prefixes were originally used for?

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    1. It's possible. I'm not sure of what examples exactly you have in mind but I'm sure it's been discussed by some people, notably the "be-" preffix (begi=eye, belaun=knee, belarri=ear, etc.). I recall one person arguing for be- having the meaning of "beste" (other) regarding the word that follows but seems a bit convoluted IMO, more likely it is a class preffix as you say with the meaning of "double" or "paired (body) part", and thus maybe related to "beste" but only very indirectly via "bi" (two).

      Once you reach syllable level things become extremely blurry, truth must be said, because there are only so many possible syllables, given a "phonetic alphabet" and "cacophony rules" (for example no TR, KL, GR, BL, etc. double consonants in "genuine Basque" but TX (ch), TS and TZ are common instead.

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  15. Agur Maju, can we find some references about the origines of Meshwesh in actual Tunisia ?Herodotus ?

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    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshwesh

      "Some scholars argue it would be the same tribe called Mazyes by Hecataeus of Miletus and Maxyes by Herodotus, while the tribe was called Mazaces and Mazax in Latin sources."

      Also: "That the Meshwesh were of Libyan origin is explicitly stated in a genealogy contained on the stela of Pasenhor (dated to the reign of Shoshenq V), where the great chiefs of the Meshwesh (including the kings of the 22nd Dynasty) are stated to be the descendants of "Buyuwawa the Libyan.""

      Guess you can dig from that to the sources, right? I'm familiar with the Mazyes being a tribe in Tripolitania since my teens: many maps depicted them with that or similar name. I believe it may be Herodotus who differentiates between nomadic berbers and sedentary ones living south and north of Lake Maeotis, which is now a salt pan in Tunisia.

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  16. afro-asiatic languages originated in the near east , all langusitic nonsense is over now , Natufians didn't have sub-saharan admixture its impossible they came of africa with no african admixture they were indigenous near easterners , E1b1b and afroasiatic is near eastern in orgin , R1b in Chad is also associated with near eastern migrations.
    The north africans were pure eurasians , the chad were mulattoes.

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    1. You clearly don't understand what you're talking about.

      First of all there is not and there has never been any basal diversity in Asian Afroasiatic, i.e. Semitic, a tightly knit subfamily that expanded since aprox. some 6000 years ago. Semitic is original from West Asia (Circum-Arabian Pastoralist Complex) but otherwise not a single Afroasiatic language was ever spoken outside of Africa, and that is huge diversity in Afroasiatic: Berber, Egyptian, Kushitic, Chadic and a very long etcetera of smaller families.

      Now it does not necessarily have to be "Subsaharan" (Tropical African, Black African) in origin, as we now know that a mostly West Eurasian population but with African Y-DNA (E1b) dominated North Africa and even penetrated into East Africa in the past. This is still an African population but with dominance of West Asian genetics (but not in Y-DNA, not by patrilineage, some admixture did happen long ago in Egypt and nearby areas that largely defines the genetics of North Africa and to a lesser extent of West Asia, with some offshoots to Europe even). This African patrilineage E1b is found in Natufian (Mesolithic) Palestine at frequencies of nearly 100% and it expanded to Europe via Anatolia with the Neolithic. Whether those people spoke Afroasiatic or Nilo-Saharan (Nubian, etc.) or both I can't say for sure, my take is that they spoke both linguistic families because Basque seems Nubian-related and is clearly descendant of that Neolithic migration, while Semitic is Afroasiatic instead.

      Delete

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